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Letter from Chauncey Robison, 8 March 1843

Source Note

Chauncey Robison

27 Mar. 1805–4 Nov. 1891. Clerk, postmaster, farmer. Born in Oneida Co., New York. Son of Charles Robison and Jerusha Rebecca Kellogg. Moved to Hancock Co., Illinois, 1829. Registrar in land office in Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois. Moved to Carthage, Hancock...

View Full Bio
, Letter,
Carthage

Located eighteen miles southeast of Nauvoo. Settled 1831. Designated Hancock Co. seat, Mar. 1833. Incorporated as town, 27 Feb. 1837. Population in 1839 about 300. Population in 1844 about 400. Site of acute opposition to Latter-day Saints, early 1840s. Site...

More Info
, Hancock Co., IL, to [JS,
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Hancock Co., IL], 8 Mar. 1843; handwriting and signature of
Chauncey Robison

27 Mar. 1805–4 Nov. 1891. Clerk, postmaster, farmer. Born in Oneida Co., New York. Son of Charles Robison and Jerusha Rebecca Kellogg. Moved to Hancock Co., Illinois, 1829. Registrar in land office in Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois. Moved to Carthage, Hancock...

View Full Bio
; two pages; photocopy in Newel K. Whitney, Papers, BYU. Transcription from photocopy.
One leaf, the measurements of which are unknown. The photocopy shows the document was trifolded twice in letter style. It also reveals significant tearing along the bottom horizontal fold; this tearing has removed some text.
The location of the original letter is unknown. It was presumably included in a collection of
Newel K. Whitney

3/5 Feb. 1795–23 Sept. 1850. Trader, merchant. Born at Marlborough, Windham Co., Vermont. Son of Samuel Whitney and Susanna Kimball. Moved to Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York, 1803. Merchant at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., New York, 1814. Mercantile clerk for...

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’s papers that was passed down in the family of Isaac Groo, who had married Mary Jane Whitney, the daughter of Newel K. and
Elizabeth Ann Smith Whitney

26 Dec. 1800–15 Feb. 1882. Born at Derby, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Daughter of Gibson Smith and Polly Bradley. Moved to Ohio, 1819. Married Newel K. Whitney, 20 Oct. 1822, at Kirtland, Geauga Co., Ohio. Shortly after, joined reformed Baptist (later Disciples...

View Full Bio
. Between 1969 and 1974, the Groo family donated a photocopy of the original letter, along with their collection of Newel K. Whitney’s papers, to the J. Reuben Clark Library (renamed Harold B. Lee Library in 1973) at Brigham Young University.
1

Andrus and Fuller, Register of the Newel Kimball Whitney Papers, 24; Wilkinson et al., Brigham Young University, 4:255.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Andrus, Hyrum L., and Chris Fuller, comp. Register of the Newel Kimball Whitney Papers. Provo, UT: Division of Archives and Manuscripts, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 1978.

Wilkinson, Ernest L., Leonard J. Arrington, and Bruce C. Hafen, eds. Brigham Young University: The First One Hundred Years. Vol. 4. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1976.

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    Andrus and Fuller, Register of the Newel Kimball Whitney Papers, 24; Wilkinson et al., Brigham Young University, 4:255.

    Andrus, Hyrum L., and Chris Fuller, comp. Register of the Newel Kimball Whitney Papers. Provo, UT: Division of Archives and Manuscripts, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, 1978.

    Wilkinson, Ernest L., Leonard J. Arrington, and Bruce C. Hafen, eds. Brigham Young University: The First One Hundred Years. Vol. 4. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1976.

Historical Introduction

Hancock County

Formed from Pike Co., 1825. Described in 1837 as predominantly prairie and “deficient in timber.” Early settlers came mainly from mid-Atlantic and southern states. Population in 1835 about 3,200; in 1840 about 9,900; and in 1844 at least 15,000. Carthage ...

More Info
, Illinois, recorder
Chauncey Robison

27 Mar. 1805–4 Nov. 1891. Clerk, postmaster, farmer. Born in Oneida Co., New York. Son of Charles Robison and Jerusha Rebecca Kellogg. Moved to Hancock Co., Illinois, 1829. Registrar in land office in Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois. Moved to Carthage, Hancock...

View Full Bio
wrote a letter from
Carthage

Located eighteen miles southeast of Nauvoo. Settled 1831. Designated Hancock Co. seat, Mar. 1833. Incorporated as town, 27 Feb. 1837. Population in 1839 about 300. Population in 1844 about 400. Site of acute opposition to Latter-day Saints, early 1840s. Site...

More Info
to JS in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
on 8 March 1843 alerting him to a possible issue with a significant land transaction. In 1839,
Sidney Rigdon

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

View Full Bio
, JS, and
Hyrum Smith

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

View Full Bio
had signed promissory notes to purchase approximately four hundred acres of land in
Commerce

Located near middle of western boundary of state, bordering Mississippi River. European Americans settled area, 1820s. From bank of river, several feet above high-water mark, ground described as nearly level for six or seven blocks before gradually sloping...

More Info
(later Nauvoo) for $110,000 from
Connecticut

Originally inhabited by native Algonquin tribes. Among first thirteen colonies that formed U.S., southernmost state in New England. First permanent European settlements established by members of Massachusetts Bay Colony, ca. 1635. Population in 1820 about...

More Info
-based land speculator
Horace Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
and his business partners,
John Gillet

2 Aug. 1796–17 July 1848. Likely born in Connecticut. Son of Benoni Gillett and Phoebe Dean. Moved to Commerce (later Nauvoo), Hancock Co., Illinois, by May 1837. In Aug. 1839, with land-speculating partners Horace Hotchkiss and Smith Tuttle, sold land in...

View Full Bio
and
Smith Tuttle

12 Mar. 1795–7 Mar. 1865. Shipping merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Christopher Tuttle and Abigail Luddington. Moved to Wallingford, New Haven Co., by 1810. Married first Rachel Gillett. Married second Amarilla...

View Full Bio
.
1

Hotchkiss and Gillet purchased the four hundred acres from Alexander White in 1836. In selling the land, Hotchkiss, Gillet, and Tuttle bonded themselves to convey title if the land were paid for on schedule. In purchasing the land, JS, Rigdon, and Hyrum Smith promised to pay for the land in forty-two installments over the next twenty years. From 1840 to 1859, two payments of $1,500 were due annually: one was to be paid to Hotchkiss, and the other was to be paid to Gillet and Tuttle, with the principal due at the end of the loan. (Bond from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Aug. 1839–A; Promissory Note to John Gillet and Smith Tuttle, 12 Aug. 1839; “Joseph Smith Documents from May through August 1842.”)


Although Hotchkiss represented to Rigdon, JS, and Hyrum Smith that he, Gillet, and Tuttle held the title to the land, Robison discovered that in 1836, Hotchkiss and Gillet had apparently transferred all their land in the area to a group that included Tuttle.
2

Because Hotchkiss worked in partnership with Tuttle, this transfer appears to have been a business arrangement. (Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

In his 8 March letter to JS, therefore, Robison called into question the validity of Hotchkiss’s agreement with JS. He encouraged JS to investigate the matter and to halt further payments to Hotchkiss and his partners until JS could send someone to search the deed records and determine the validity of the agreement with Hotchkiss.
Though it is unclear whether
Robison

27 Mar. 1805–4 Nov. 1891. Clerk, postmaster, farmer. Born in Oneida Co., New York. Son of Charles Robison and Jerusha Rebecca Kellogg. Moved to Hancock Co., Illinois, 1829. Registrar in land office in Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois. Moved to Carthage, Hancock...

View Full Bio
’s letter came by mail or personal courier, JS received it on 9 March 1843.
3

JS, Journal, 9 Mar. 1843. There is no indication of mailing on the extant photocopy.


JS had long encountered difficulty in making payments to
Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
for this land, and this debt was among his most pressing financial concerns in the early 1840s.
4

Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 24 July 1841. The situation seemed so dire that a general church conference in 1841 voted that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles write an epistle to church members abroad “to use their influence and exertions to secure, by exchange, purchase, donation &c., a title to the Hotchkiss purchase.” The specter of JS’s overwhelming debt led him to apply for bankruptcy in 1842. An entry in JS’s journal noted that “Joseph has nothing to do with paying the rema[i]nder which is due Hotchkiss in the event he is discharged on bankruptcy.” (Minutes and Discourse, 1–5 Oct. 1841; JS, Journal, 5 Jan. 1843; see also Letter to Horace Hotchkiss, 30 June 1842.)


Perhaps responding to Robison’s call to investigate the deed records, JS traveled to
Carthage

Located eighteen miles southeast of Nauvoo. Settled 1831. Designated Hancock Co. seat, Mar. 1833. Incorporated as town, 27 Feb. 1837. Population in 1839 about 300. Population in 1844 about 400. Site of acute opposition to Latter-day Saints, early 1840s. Site...

More Info
in early April 1843 and conducted some “business at the Court house” on 3 April.
5

William Clayton, Journal Excerpt, 3 Apr. 1843.


In addition,
Gillet

2 Aug. 1796–17 July 1848. Likely born in Connecticut. Son of Benoni Gillett and Phoebe Dean. Moved to Commerce (later Nauvoo), Hancock Co., Illinois, by May 1837. In Aug. 1839, with land-speculating partners Horace Hotchkiss and Smith Tuttle, sold land in...

View Full Bio
visited JS on 12 April.
6

JS, Journal, 12 Apr. 1843.


JS and the Hotchkiss partnership eventually renegotiated the 1839 contract in July 1843;
Tuttle

12 Mar. 1795–7 Mar. 1865. Shipping merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Christopher Tuttle and Abigail Luddington. Moved to Wallingford, New Haven Co., by 1810. Married first Rachel Gillett. Married second Amarilla...

View Full Bio
and Gillet put up a $20,000 bond ensuring their interest in the land, and JS,
Hyrum Smith

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

View Full Bio
,
Rigdon

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

View Full Bio
, and their spouses released their future interest in the land by signing over a
quitclaim

A deed that operates without any warranty, except that no one apart from the grantor can be in possession of the title at the time of delivery.

View Glossary
deed to Tuttle, Gillet, and Hotchkiss. In other words, Hotchkiss, Tuttle, and Gillet retained ownership of the land but allowed the Latter-day Saints to remain on it in a landlord-tenant relationship. These later instruments confirm the validity of the original 1839 transaction that Robison called into question.
7

Clayton, Journal, 7 July 1843; Bond from Smith Tuttle and John Gillet, 7 July 1843; Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. 12G, p. 299, 7 July 1843, microfilm 954,195, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; John Gillet, Lake Fork, IL, to Smith Tuttle, Fair Haven, CT, 20 Aug. 1843, John Gillett-William P. Whittle Papers, 1835–1869, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, IL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

John Gillett-William P. Whittle Papers, 1835–1869. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, IL.

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    Hotchkiss and Gillet purchased the four hundred acres from Alexander White in 1836. In selling the land, Hotchkiss, Gillet, and Tuttle bonded themselves to convey title if the land were paid for on schedule. In purchasing the land, JS, Rigdon, and Hyrum Smith promised to pay for the land in forty-two installments over the next twenty years. From 1840 to 1859, two payments of $1,500 were due annually: one was to be paid to Hotchkiss, and the other was to be paid to Gillet and Tuttle, with the principal due at the end of the loan. (Bond from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Aug. 1839–A; Promissory Note to John Gillet and Smith Tuttle, 12 Aug. 1839; “Joseph Smith Documents from May through August 1842.”)

  2. [2]

    Because Hotchkiss worked in partnership with Tuttle, this transfer appears to have been a business arrangement. (Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)

    U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

  3. [3]

    JS, Journal, 9 Mar. 1843. There is no indication of mailing on the extant photocopy.

  4. [4]

    Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 24 July 1841. The situation seemed so dire that a general church conference in 1841 voted that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles write an epistle to church members abroad “to use their influence and exertions to secure, by exchange, purchase, donation &c., a title to the Hotchkiss purchase.” The specter of JS’s overwhelming debt led him to apply for bankruptcy in 1842. An entry in JS’s journal noted that “Joseph has nothing to do with paying the rema[i]nder which is due Hotchkiss in the event he is discharged on bankruptcy.” (Minutes and Discourse, 1–5 Oct. 1841; JS, Journal, 5 Jan. 1843; see also Letter to Horace Hotchkiss, 30 June 1842.)

  5. [5]

    William Clayton, Journal Excerpt, 3 Apr. 1843.

  6. [6]

    JS, Journal, 12 Apr. 1843.

  7. [7]

    Clayton, Journal, 7 July 1843; Bond from Smith Tuttle and John Gillet, 7 July 1843; Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. 12G, p. 299, 7 July 1843, microfilm 954,195, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; John Gillet, Lake Fork, IL, to Smith Tuttle, Fair Haven, CT, 20 Aug. 1843, John Gillett-William P. Whittle Papers, 1835–1869, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, IL.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

    John Gillett-William P. Whittle Papers, 1835–1869. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Springfield, IL.

Page [1]

Recorders Office
Carthage

Located eighteen miles southeast of Nauvoo. Settled 1831. Designated Hancock Co. seat, Mar. 1833. Incorporated as town, 27 Feb. 1837. Population in 1839 about 300. Population in 1844 about 400. Site of acute opposition to Latter-day Saints, early 1840s. Site...

More Info
Ill
8th March 1843
Sir
On examining the Records I discovered this morning the Record of a Deed which may be of importance to you and the Citizens of
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
It is a Deed executed by
[Horace] Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
and
[John] Gillet

2 Aug. 1796–17 July 1848. Likely born in Connecticut. Son of Benoni Gillett and Phoebe Dean. Moved to Commerce (later Nauvoo), Hancock Co., Illinois, by May 1837. In Aug. 1839, with land-speculating partners Horace Hotchkiss and Smith Tuttle, sold land in...

View Full Bio
to Wm. H Elliott, [Samuel] J Hitchcock &
Smith Tuttle

12 Mar. 1795–7 Mar. 1865. Shipping merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Christopher Tuttle and Abigail Luddington. Moved to Wallingford, New Haven Co., by 1810. Married first Rachel Gillett. Married second Amarilla...

View Full Bio
as Trustees for Sundry persons conveying to said Trustees all the Lands owned by them in
Commerce

Located near middle of western boundary of state, bordering Mississippi River. European Americans settled area, 1820s. From bank of river, several feet above high-water mark, ground described as nearly level for six or seven blocks before gradually sloping...

More Info
and bought of Alexr White & the Atchisons.—
1

John and George Atcherson. (Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

The Deed is Dated 6th October 1836 and Bears Record 25 Nov 1836—
2

Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

I have not yet discovered on Record any Deed or power of Attorney authorizing the Said
Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
and
Gillet

2 Aug. 1796–17 July 1848. Likely born in Connecticut. Son of Benoni Gillett and Phoebe Dean. Moved to Commerce (later Nauvoo), Hancock Co., Illinois, by May 1837. In Aug. 1839, with land-speculating partners Horace Hotchkiss and Smith Tuttle, sold land in...

View Full Bio
to convey the Said Lands and am doubtful whether their Conveyance to you and your
Brother

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

View Full Bio
&
S[idney] Rigdon

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

View Full Bio
is valid
I would recommend that y[ou]
3

TEXT: “y[page torn]”. Missing text in this and the next paragraph has been supplied from context.


send some Competent person to search the Recor[d]
4

TEXT: “Recor[page torn]”.


and particularly the Dee[d] [f]ound [in] Book C pa[ge]
5

TEXT: “Dee[page torn]ound [page torn] Book C pa[page torn]”.


[page torn]
6

This likely read “57—.” (See Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

And further that you make n[o]
7

TEXT: “n[page torn]”.


payment to said
Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
&
Gillett

2 Aug. 1796–17 July 1848. Likely born in Connecticut. Son of Benoni Gillett and Phoebe Dean. Moved to Commerce (later Nauvoo), Hancock Co., Illinois, by May 1837. In Aug. 1839, with land-speculating partners Horace Hotchkiss and Smith Tuttle, sold land in...

View Full Bio
until such search of Record be made And would further recommend that you suffer to be sold for taxes
8

JS was paying taxes on the land even though that responsibility fell to Hotchkiss and his partners as the legal titleholders. On 23 February 1843, JS determined “he would pay no taxes on Hotchkiss purchase.” (JS, Journal, 23 Feb. 1843.)


and bid in all the Lots on said Land [p. [1]]
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Source Note

Document Transcript

Page [1]

Document Information

Related Case Documents
Editorial Title
Letter from Chauncey Robison, 8 March 1843
ID #
1006
Total Pages
2
Print Volume Location
JSP, D12:18–21
Handwriting on This Page
  • Chauncey Robison

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    John and George Atcherson. (Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)

    U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

  2. [2]

    Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.

    U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

  3. [3]

    TEXT: “y[page torn]”. Missing text in this and the next paragraph has been supplied from context.

  4. [4]

    TEXT: “Recor[page torn]”.

  5. [5]

    TEXT: “Dee[page torn]ound [page torn] Book C pa[page torn]”.

  6. [6]

    This likely read “57—.” (See Hancock Co., IL, Deed Records, 1817–1917, vol. C, pp. 57–58, 4 Oct. 1836, microfilm 954,193, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)

    U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

  7. [7]

    TEXT: “n[page torn]”.

  8. [8]

    JS was paying taxes on the land even though that responsibility fell to Hotchkiss and his partners as the legal titleholders. On 23 February 1843, JS determined “he would pay no taxes on Hotchkiss purchase.” (JS, Journal, 23 Feb. 1843.)

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